what are the comparison between heliconiacea and musaceae? and Inflorescence - Spear Grass after bushfires

what are the comparison between heliconiacea and musaceae?

why heliconia is outgroup of musa phylogenetics?


inflorescence best answer:

Answer by Brigitte H
Musa plants (or at least, the the leaf bases) succulent, Heliconaceae not.
Musa plants with laticifers, Heliconaceae not.
Musa stomata tetracytic, H. paracytic, or tetracytic.
Musa plants monoecious, or andromonoecious, or polygamomonoecious (?). Pollination entomophilous, ornithophilous, and cheiropterophilous.
Heliconacea plants hermaphrodite. Pollination ornithophilous
Musacea inflorescences axillary; erect or drooping, thyrses of few flowered cymes; spatheate. Flowers bracteate; medium-sized to large; very irregular; zygomorphic; cyclic; pentacyclic. Perigone tube absent
Heliconacea Inflorescences scapiflorous, or not scapiflorous; borne on an erect peduncle, consisting of a large, flattened erect or drooping thyrse, often with a conspicuously geniculate axis, each lateral branch subtended by a stiff, usually boat shaped, sometimes quite large and often showy (green, red, orange) bract, the lateral branches consisting of dense monochasial cymes which may be almost concealed in the bract axils; spatheate. Flowers bracteate (the floral bracts smaller and thinner than the cincinnal bracts); very irregular; strongly zygomorphic (the symmetry inverted relative to Costaceae, Musaceae, Strelitziaceae and Zingiberaceae, the the median tepal of the outer whorl being posterior, adaxial). The floral irregularity involving the perianth and involving the androecium. Flowers 3 merous; cyclic. Perigone tube present to absent (the five joined tepals plus the one one more or less free tepal forming a tube, which can widen without bursting when visited by relatively broad-beaked birds).
Musacea: Perianth petaline, or of 'tepals'; 6; joined (five members united, the median inner member posterior and free); rather theoretically 2 whorled (the three outer members and two of the inner members represented by teeth or lobes on a perianth tube, the split coinciding with the inner adaxial, free member); rather theoretically isomerous; petaloid. Corolla (if the perianth is interpreted as such) partially gamopetalous (five members joined, one free). The joined petals anterior (the posterior member free). Corolla more or less bilabiate
Heliconacea Perianth of 'tepals'; 6; joined (the median member of the outer series more or less free from the rest, which are fused to form a five-dentate or five-lobed, boat shaped upper lip); 2 whorled; isomerous; petaloid; similar in the two whorls to different in the two whorls.
Musacea: Androecium 5, or 6. Androecial members free of the perianth; free of one another; at least theoretically, 2 whorled. Androecium exclusively of fertile stamens, or including staminodes. Staminodes when present, 1 (the sixth member, opposite the free perianth member, often staminodal or absent). Stamens 5, or 6; diplostemonous; alterniperianthial. Anthers adnate; dehiscing via longitudinal slits; introrse; tetrasporangiate; appendaged (by prolongaton of the connective), or unappendaged. The endothecial thickenings spiral. Microsporogenesis successive. Pollen grains nonaperturate; 2-celled.
Heliconiacea: Androecium 6. Androecial members free of the perianth; free of one another. Androecium including staminodes. Staminodes 1 (the odd member of the outer series, closing the slit in the perianth tube); petaloid (somewhat), or non-petaloid (then subulate). Stamens 5; reduced in number relative to the adjacent perianth. Anthers basifixed; tetrasporangiate. Microsporogenesis successive. Pollen grains nonaperturate; 3-celled.
Musacea: Stigmas wet type; papillate; Group III type. Placentation axile. Ovules 10–50 per locule ('many'); arillate (aril rudimentary), or non-arillate; anatropous; bitegmic; crassinucellate. Embryo-sac development Polygonum-type. Polar nuclei fusing simultaneously with the male gamete. Antipodal cells formed, or not formed (then the three nuclei degenerating early). Synergids pear-shaped. Endosperm formation nuclear.
Heliconiacea: Stigmas 1, or 3; wet type; papillate. Placentation basal to axile. Ovules 1 per locule; non-arillate; anatropous; bitegmic; crassinucellate. Embryo-sac development Polygonum-type. Endosperm formation nuclear
Musacea: Fruit fleshy; indehiscent; a berry; 20–100 seeded ('many'). Seeds endospermic. Endosperm not oily (starchy and mealy). Perisperm present. Seeds with starch. Cotyledons 1. Embryo straight, or curved. Testa without phytomelan; thick, hard
Heliconiacea: Fruit fleshy; a schizocarp. Mericarps (2–)3; comprising drupelets, or comprising berrylets (?). Fruit 3 seeded. Seeds copiously endospermic. Perisperm present. Seeds triangular. Embryo weakly differentiated (when the seed first matures). Cotyledons 1. Embryo straight. Testa operculate (at the micropylar end); without phytomelan; often blue
Musacea: Seedling. Hypocotyl internode present (fairly pronounced). Mesocotyl absent. Seedling collar conspicuous (in the form of small wings). Cotyledon hyperphyll compact; non-assimilatory. Coleoptile present.
Heliconiacea: Seedling. Hypocotyl internode present (short). Seedling collar conspicuous. Cotyledon hyperphyll compact; non-assimilatory. Coleoptile absent (but with pronounced cotyledon sheath lobes).
Musacea contents: Alkaloids present (indole), or absent. Proanthocyanidins present; cyanidin, or cyanidin and delphinidin. Flavonols present, or absent; when detected, kaempferol and quercetin (traces). C3. C3 physiology recorded directly in Musa. Anatomy non-C4 type (Musa).
Heliconacea contents: Proanthocyanidins

These qualitative differences give point to the taxonomic choice of two families for these plants.

inflorescence

Inflorescence - Spear Grass after bushfires


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Telegraph Saddle Carpark to Sealers Cove Camp
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